Acaricidal Effect of Propolis against Hyalomma Spp. Ticks and Assessment of Its Toxicity with the MTT Assay Acaricidal effect of propolis against Hyalomma spp. ticks
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: The Hyalomma species is one of the most important vectors of pathogens responsible for human and animal diseases. The use of substances of natural source has been proposed as a safe way to control ticks. We aimed to evaluate the acaricidal activity of hydroalcoholic extract of honey bee propolis against the Hyalomma spp. in vitro and to determine its toxicity by MTT assay.
Methods: The acaricidal activity of propolis in concentrations of 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg/ml was investigated after 15, 30 and 60 minutes by two spray and contact methods. The main compounds of propolis were carried out with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS). Then the toxicity of each concentration was evaluated by MTT assay. Data were analyzed by GraphPad Prism 6 software.
Results: The concentration of 200 mg/ml of propolis had the highest acaricidal effect (90%) in the exposure time of 60 minutes and spray method was more effective than the contact method. The GC-MS analysis identify that Hexane (CAS); n-Hexane (17.32%) is the main ingredient of propolis. The results of the MTT toxicity test showed that toxicity increases with increasing concentration, and low concentrations of propolis have very little toxicity.
Conclusion: The hydroalcoholic extract of propolis contains potent acaricidal compounds and it might be used as a natural acaricide compound to against Hyalomma spp. However, further studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of the propolis.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Ravindran R, Hembram PK, Kumar GS, Kumar KG, Deepa CK, Varghese A. Transovarial transmis-sion of pathogenic protozoa and rickettsial organ-isms in ticks. Parasitol Res. 2023; 122(3): 691-704.
Mohammed SB, Elseory AM. Animal Health and Food Security in Saudi Arabia. In: Food and Nutri-tion Security in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Vol. 1: National Analysis of Agricultural and Food Secu-rity 2024 Jan 1 (pp. 207-227). Cham: Springer In-ternational Publishing.
Hussain A, Hussain S, Yu A, Varga C, De Leo GA, Smith RL. Geographical epidemiology of Hyalom-ma anatolicum and Rhipicephalus microplus in Paki-stan: A systematic review. Plos One. 2024; 19(8): e0309442.
Norouzi R, Shafaghat A, Mansoori Nour MS, Dokht Jabbari N, Siyadatpanah A. In vitro acaricidal activity of honey bee propolis against Haemaphysa-lis spp. J Zoonotic Dis. 2024; 8(4): 628-35.
Kumar S, Mahapatro GK, Yadav DK, Tripathi K, Koli P, Kaushik P, Sharma K, Nebapure S. Essen-tial oils as green pesticides: An overview. Indian J Agric Sci. 2022; 92(11): 1298-305.
Alves GL, Barreto LS, Lopes DR, Capelossi VR, Lins VF. Anticorrosive coating of propolis extract for CA-50 carbon steel reinforcement. Mate Res. 2024; 27: e20240034.
Pedrinha VF, Santos LM, Gonçalves CP, Garcia MT, Lameira OA, Queiroga CL, et al. Effects of natural antimicrobial compounds propolis and co-paiba on periodontal ligament fibroblasts, molecular docking, and in vivo study in Galleria mellonella. Biomed Pharmacother. 2024; 171: 116139.
Zulhendri F, Chandrasekaran K, Kowacz M, Ravalia M, Kripal K, Fearnley J, Perera CO. Antivi-ral, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiparasitic prop-erties of propolis: a review. Foods. 2021; 10(6): 1360.
Rafique N, Kakar A, Iqbal A, Masood Z, Razzaq W. Identification of three species of ticks Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, Hyalomma aegyptium and Dermacenter andersoni in Quetta City of Baluchi-stan, Pakistan. Glob Vet. 2015; 14(6): 842-7.
Baran AI, Jahanghiri F, Hajipour N, Sparagano OA, Norouzi R, Moharramnejad S. In vitro acaricidal ac-tivity of essential oil and alcoholic extract of Tra-chyspermum ammi against Dermanyssus gallinae. Vet Parasitol. 2020; 278: 109030.
Norouzi R, Hejazy M. Acaricidal Activity of Col-chicum autumnale (Autumn crocus) Extract against Hyalomma spp. In vitro. Arch Razi Inst. 2021;76(2):293.
Otranto D, Dantas-Torres F, Giannelli A, Latrofa MS, Cascio A, et al. Ticks infesting humans in Italy and associated pathogens. Parasit Vectors. 2014; 7(1): 328.
Selles SM, Kouidri M, González MG, González J, Sánchez M, González-Coloma A, et al. Acaricidal and repellent effects of essential oils against ticks: a review. Pathog. 2021; 10(11): 1379.
Sama-ae I, Sangkanu S, Siyadatpanah A, Norouzi R, Chuprom J, Mitsuwan W, et al. Targeting Acan-thamoeba proteins interaction with flavonoids of Propolis extract by in vitro and in silico studies for promising therapeutic effects. F1000Res. 2023; 11: 1274.
Mungroo MR, Anwar A, Siyadatpanah A, Norouzi R, Tong T, Khan NA, et al. Anti-Naegleria fowleri and anti-Balamuthia mandrillaris activities of propo-lis. J Nat Prod. 2022; 12(6): 56-66.
Kasote D, Bankova V, Viljoen AM. Propolis: Chemical diversity and challenges in quality con-trol. Phytochem Rev. 2022; 21(6): 1887-911.
Velikova M, Bankova V, Marcucci MC, Tsvetkova I, Kujumgiev A. Chemical composition and biolog-ical activity of propolis from Brazilian meliponinae. Z fur Naturforsch. 2000; 55(9-10): 785-9.
Keskin N, Hazir S, Baser KH, Kürkçüoglu M. An-tibacterial activity and chemical composition of Turkish propolis. Z fur Naturforsch. 2001; 56(11-12): 1112-5.
Hegazi AG, Hady FK. Egyptian propolis: 1-antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Upper Egypt propolis. Z fur Naturforsch. 2001; 56(1-2): 82-8.
Hegazi AG, El Hady FK. Egyptian propolis: 3. An-tioxidant, antimicrobial activities and chemical composition of propolis from reclaimed lands. Z fur Naturforsch. 2002;57(3-4):395-402.
El Hady FK, Hegazi AG. Egyptian propolis: 2. Chemical composition, antiviral and antimicrobial activities of East Nile Delta propolis. Z fur Naturforsch. 2002; 57(3-4): 386-94.
Yildirim Z, Hacievliyagil S, Kutlu NO, Aydin NE, Kurkcuoglu M, Iraz M, Durmaz R. Effect of water extract of Turkish propolis on tuberculosis infection in guinea-pigs. Pharmacol Res. 2004;49(3):287-92.
Freitas SF, Shinohara L, Sforcin JM, Guimarães S. In vitro effects of propolis on Giardia duodenalis trophozoites. Phytomed. 2006; 13(3): 170-5.
Cuesta-Rubio O, Fernández MC, Hernández IM, Jaramillo CG, González VH, Porto RM, Delange DM, et al. Chemical profile and anti-leishmanial ac-tivity of three Ecuadorian propolis samples from Quito, Guayaquil and Cotacachi regions. Fitotera-pia. 2017; 120: 177-83.
Fidalgo LM, Ramos IS, Parra MG, Cuesta-Rubio O, Hernández IM, Fernández MC, et al. Activity of Cuban propolis extracts on Leishmania amazonensis and Trichomonas vaginalis. Nat Prod Commun. 2011; 6(7): 1934578X1100600712.
Antwi CA, Amisigo CM, Adjimani JP, Gwira TM. In vitro activity and mode of action of phenolic compounds on Leishmania donovani. PLOS Negl Trop Dis. 2019; 13(2): e0007206.
da Silva Cunha IB, Salomão K, Shimizu M, Bankova VS, Custódio AR, de CASTRO SL, Mar-cucci MC. Antitrypanosomal activity of Brazilian propolis from Apis mellifera. Chem Pharm Bull. 2004; 52(5): 602-4.
Dantas Silva RP, Machado BA, Barreto GD, Costa SS, Andrade LN, Amaral RG, et al. Antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, and cytotoxic properties of various Brazilian propolis extracts. Plos One. 2017; 12(3): e0172585.
Afrouzan H, Zakeri S, Mehrizi AA, Molasalehi S, Tahghighi A, Shokrgozar MA, et al. Anti-plasmodial assessment of four different Iranian propolis extracts. Arch Iran Med. 2017; 20(5): 270-81.
Omar RM, Igoli J, Gray AI, Ebiloma GU, Clements C, Fearnley J, et al. Chemical characterization of Nigerian red propolis and its biological activity against Trypanosoma brucei. Phytochem Anal. 2016; 27(2): 107-15.
Mokhtar AB, El-Gayar EK, Habib ES. In vitro anti-protozoal activity of propolis extract and cysteine proteases inhibitor (phenyl vinyl sulfone) on Blasto-cystis species. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2016;46(2):261-72.
Elmahallawy EK, El Fadaly HA, Soror AH, Ali FA, Abd El-Razik KA, Soliman YA, et al. Novel in-sights on the potential activity of propolis and wheat germ oil against chronic toxoplasmosis in experimentally infected mice. Biomed Pharma-cother. 2022; 156: 113811.
Mura A, Pusceddu M, Theodorou P, Angioni A, Floris I, Paxton RJ, Satta A. Propolis consumption reduces Nosema ceranae infection of European honey bees (Apis mellifera). Insects. 2020;11(2):124.
Koloren Z, Ertürk Ö, Şekeroğlu ZA, Karaman Ü. Amoebicidal and cytotoxic activity of propolis col-lected from different regions in Turkey on Acan-thamoeba castellanii trophozoites. Mid Blac Sea J Health Sci. 2023; 9(2): 312-24.
Drescher N, Klein AM, Neumann P, Yañez O, Leonhardt SD. Inside honeybee hives: Impact of natural propolis on the ectoparasitic mite Varroa de-structor and viruses. Insects. 2017; 8(1): 15.
Mallo N, Lamas J, Leiro JM. Hydrogenosome me-tabolism is the key target for antiparasitic activity of resveratrol against Trichomonas vaginalis. Antimi-crob Agents Chemother. 2013; 57(6): 2476-84.